Nowadays, the fundamental role of having a purpose for life in physical and mental health has been confirmed. According to victor frankl, presence of a purpose in life gives life a meaning and increases resilience against pains and traumas. The importance of the purpose in life construct reveals the need for a reliable and valid tool to measure it. Crumbaugh and Maholick's purpose in life questionnaire is the first and one of the most applied tools for the assessment of life's purposefulness. The aim of this research is to determine the factor STRUCTURE of purpose in life questionnaire. The questionnaire was administered on 206 students who were selected through random stratified sampling at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Exploratory factor analysis showed that there are two factors "comprehension" and "purpose" and this finding were confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. Altogether results of this research showed factor validity of the purpose in life questionnaire with a two factor pattern

A visual cryptography scheme based on a given graph G is a method to distribute a secret image among the vertices of G, the participants, so that a subset of participants can recover the secret image if they contain an edge of G, by stacking their shares, otherwise they can obtain no information regarding the secret image. In this paper a maximal independent sets of the graph G was applied to propose a lower bound on the pixel expansion of visual cryptography schemes with graph ACCESS STRUCTURE G (G). In addition a lower bound on the pixel expansion of basis matrices C5 and Peterson graph ACCESS STRUCTURE were presented.

The main issue of the present study is the recognition of the consequences of women’s ACCESS to water resources in thesocial STRUCTURE in part of the Central Plateau of Iran’s arid climate . This article aims to study women’s gender status in order to understand the issue of ACCESS of these social-cultural actors to water resources in the STRUCTURE. Using purposeful sampling, the required data were collected based on “Kerman State Endowment Registry” in the period of 1871-1923 with a focus on the women’s gender status and the existence of water endowment properties and some documents from the collection of the endowment trustees of the target population until reaching theoretical saturation. Data analysis follows a qualitative, inductive approach based on content analysis. The results indicate the ACCESS of Kerman’s women to water resources during the Qajar era. The findings reveal the implications of women’s ACCESS to water resources in such contexts as the “link of actor and STRUCTURE” giving women the opportunity to act and respond to the triple needs in certain frameworks.

Background: AngioACCESS is one of the main treatment procedures for surgeons considering dialysis patients. End stage renal disease patients have to spend most of their lives under dialysis; therefore, given the high expenditure of angioACCESS surgeries, this study was conducted to evaluate the patency rate and complications of arteriovenous ACCESS operations.Methods: In this prospective study, 169 patients underwent 311 ACCESS surgeries for hemodialysis. Data was collected through questionnaires and analyzed by SPSS.Findings: Life table analysis showed that of 169 patients with fistulas, 84.9% of cases were patent after 2 months, and 80.5% and 73% were patent after 4 and 6 months, respectively. There was no significant difference between diabetic and non-diabetic patients patency rate in cubital ACCESS, but the patency rate in distal fistulas was significantly lower in diabetics. Different complications were recorded in 48.6% of patients, mainly heart failure and mild edema.Conclusion: Diabetes was higher among our cases than normal population which can be due to poor screening programs and low information on risks and correct follow-up of patients. In diabetic patients, cubital fistulas should be considered prior to distal ACCESSes. Complication rate in our study was higher than those reported. Since complications are significantly surgeon dependent, more attention to residential education and participating in related workshops can be helpful.

Introduction: Inability to establish a success vascular ACCESS or associated complications are major causes of morbidity and mortality in ESRD patients.Objective: Relative Frequency of Success and Complications of Vascular ACCESS in End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) in Razi Hospital (2007).Materials and Methods: This descriptive-cross sectional study was performed on ESRD patients in Razi Hospital. The data were collected based on interview and physical examination. Because of the probability of failure in ACCESS of any patient and need to another ACCESS establishment, the ACCESS numbers was more than the patients number.Results: Among total of 151 patients 59.6% of patients was man and 40.4% was woman. The mean age of patients was 54.22±14.39 years. Success rate of dialysis was 86.1%. 82.9% of vascular ACCESS was used less than 2 months of creation (mean=31-60 days). 32 cases of complications (15.6%) were recorded which included: 9 cases of false aneurysm, 9 cases of venous hypertension, 5 cases of infection, 4 cases of steal syndrome, 3 cases of true aneurysm and 2 cases of thrombosis. The most number of complications were happened in antecobital AVF.Conclusion: Success rate of dialysis in this study is like that other studies.  Because of patients don't refer in proper time; use of vascular ACCESS was performed in less than 2 months of creation. It can increase complications and decrease patency rate of vascular ACCESS. On the other hand, to decrease the cost, usage of graft is less than native AVF, it could be reason of increased presence of complications in native AVF.